KEY FOR DIAGRAM 3
1. 100 Lt DRUM 2. BLACK PIPE INSERTED INTO A HOLE THAT IS CUT INTO A DRUM AND ATTACHED WITH AN ELBOW. 3. POINT WHEREBY THE COLD WATER ENTERS THE SOLAR SYSTEM FROM THE DRUM. 4. PIPES WITH PLASTIC BOTTLES ATTACHED TO THEM FOR EXTRA INSULATION. THE BOTTLES MUST BE FITTED TIGHTLY TOGETHER AS TO KEEP THE AIR FROM ESCAPING AND FROM SAND AND DUST FROM ENTERING . 5. HOT WATER TRAVELS UP THE NO 4 PIPES AND ENTERS BACK INTO THE DRUM. 6. PIPE FROM DRUM MUST BE FACING AT AN ANGLE DOWNWARDS AND MUST BE STRAIGHT ,OTHERWISE AN AIRLOCK WILL FORM, AND THE WATER WILL NOT REACH THE DESIRED TEMPERATURES. 7. 3 METRE LONG BY 730MM WIDE CORRUGATED IRON ROOF SHEET PLACED BEHIND PIPES. THE ROOF SHEET SITS AT 30-45 DEGREE ANGLE FROM THE GROUND WITH THE PIPES RESTING ON TOP OF IT SUPPLIERS -MOHAMMAD'S BUILDING SUPPLIES-QUEEN STREET ,DURBAN R100.00 EACH. 8. STAND THAT THE DRUM SITS ON SO IT IS UP- ABOUT 2M OFF THE GROUND. The black plastic tubes are black for good reason -for maximum absorption of heat.The plastic is made of LDPE plastic-meaning (low density polyethylene).It is the best and cheapest material I could get.It is the best because it has the thinnest possible wall for heat absorption.The thinner the wall ,the quickest and easiest the heat can get through the wall to heat the water.
The plastic coke bottles are plastic to minimise heat losses by thermal conduction .What is thermal conduction? It is the way heat travels through the properties of the materials.Also the plastic bottles form a cover ,to reduce heat losses from convection and radiation.Convection meaning travelling air or wind ,and radiation meaning it traps the incoming heat ,so it it is not lost again by bouncing off the coke bottles and going in the opposite direction-back into the atmosphere.It is important to keep the plastic coke bottles free from dust for maximum absorption of sunlight.
The coke bottles could be horizontal ,vertical ,or tilted -the best being if the collectors are tilted towards the equator.In the Northern hemisphere they should be facing South ,and tilted at an angle.
The water is heated by radiant heat through the absorption of the receiver,or the receiving target (being the plastic tubes ).The radiant heat is then converted into useful energy in the flowing water behind receiver.The water continues to heat up due the rate at which the target loses heat due to radiation .Obviously the least heat lost the better .The water continues to get hot due to the least amount of heat lost to the surrounding air from convection and conduction. The receivers are the black plastic tubes that are situated directly in front of the sun's rays ,positioned at right angles .It is positioned like this to collect the maximum amount of focused solar radiation .The specific use of the coke bottles is not only that they are cheap,recycled materials but also because they are smooth-so as not to lose heat through conduction to the structural parts of the collector.The shape factor of the collector is important and the best shapes being parabolic ,spherical,or cylindrical hence the black plastic tubes and cylindrical coke bottles.The cylindrical shape is the best because the receiver is heated reasonably uniformly in spite of a distorted image and the concentration ratio is more effective.
I hope this explanation is helpful in positioning your water heater and understanding the scientific reasoning behind its origin .
Energy
All energy on earth comes from the sun .The sun's energy changes into other kinds of energy when it reaches the earth.The sun's energy is in plants and animals ,and when they die they turn into coal ,over millions of years.The coal is burned in power stations ,to generate electricity.The coal is running out ,so now there are nuclear power stations ,that use uranium to produce electricity.Burning fossil fuels such as coal,oil or gas is almost a thing of the past,as there isn't enough left to sustain the planet's requirements for electricity.If you look around your home you will see that almost all your appliances use electricity as their power/ energy source.Nuclear power stations are dangerous and put our planet and the people on it in grave danger.If anything goes wrong in a nuclear power plant like what just happened in Japan ,the planet and all its occupants could be wiped out .If there was to be an explosion on the plant ,the effect would be like an atom bomb, i e Hiroshima.If the nuclear plant was to have a leak ,the nearby oceans ,the groundwater ,all the fish,animals and people in contact with the contaminated ,radioactive water would be negatively affected.People would suffer injuries,and the environment would suffer massive damage.
The four primary energy sources of generating electricity are coal,oil,gas and wood -they are called non-renewable energy sources because once they are used up ,they cannot be replaced.One day these these energy sources will be used up - which is the dilemma we are facing now.Sources of energy that can be used over and over again are called renewable energy sources - meaning no matter how much energy we use there will always be plenty more ,its free and will always be around.
In the following pages I will explain how you can replace these electrical appliances with alternative solutions that will save you money,save electricity,and our planet.
Stored Energy
How do I save money on electricity at home?
Electrical energy can be stored in special batteries and used in such cases as in a power failure ,when its cold,or when there is no wind to power your wind generator.They are called accumulators.An example of these are car batteries ;when your car is moving , some of the kinetic energy produced by the engine is stored in the battery.This energy is converted into electrical energy when connected up to lights ,radios,or small generators.It is an energy saving mechanism that can be used to power appliances in your home.It is free and could lower your electricity bills,when used correctly .These batteries could power a small speed boat,light your home ,or be used to pump water from a well to your storage tanks .They could power a computer,be used for lighting ,radios,and are important in the case of a power failure,storm,etc.These batteries could be charged by wind ,running water or a petrol generator ,to be used when needed.This is important in this daily climate whereby natural disasters are on the increase.
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| Above :a photo of my UPS computer with a Lead Acid battery |
This UPS computer ,plugged into this battery ,is making 220 volts of electricity ,enough to power 4 computers temporarily - in case of a storm .In case of a massive storm ,like a tornado or hurricane this could be life saving ,giving you enough time to make an emergency SOS e-mail.Or at the least save and back-up your work,and run lights if needed.This is a Belkin UPS with a sealed Lead Acid battery 12 Volt 7Ah (you could put a car battery on the UPS but it is not a sealed gel battery ,hydrogen gas comes out of car battery and can explode.UPS stands for uninterrupted power supply.It is good to have one of these as in the Colorado flooding ,you don't have to write an SOS on your roof ,and reduce the amount of aftermath explosions.
We need to convert one kind of energy into another in our homes.A solar cell is a modern kind of energy converter .It takes the sun's energy and converts it directly into electrical energy-without the use of a power station.
Above :my photo voltaic solar cell
This solar cell found above can produce enough energy to run this radio.
In the same way you could run radios and telephones as seen below:
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If you put enough of these solar cells on the roof of a car or small aeroplane they could run solely on these too ,without using any oil or petrol.
The best way to save money.How do you save money? Well thats easy you save money with something thats free to make electricity rather than from something bought.The sun is free and using solar cells can do this for you.They can produce lighting in your home and power all your appliances,like your fridge,heater TV ect bringing down your electricity costs to nothing because the energy from the sun is free.I save money this way ,and millions of other people have too.
On those cloudy ,or rainy days your stored energy ,accumulated in batteries could be used .
Using gas is also how I save money and it is the best,reliable solution when the sun is not optional.A gas stove ,fridge or heater is the best way to save money compared to the high cost of electricity,and to have these available is a good money saving tip.I have a homemade gas shower ,I only use when absolutely necessary and rarely do so because even in the winter months my solar hot water system works fine.
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Photovoltaic Solar CellsSolar cells are commonly known as photovoltiacs
In Greek ,the word photo means light and the word volt meaning electricity,originated from electricity pioneer Alessandro Volta.
Photovoltaic materials and devices turn light energy into electrical energy.
How solar works?
When sunlight shines on the PV cell which is made up of a semiconductor material ,the light is turned into electrons in the atoms of this semiconductor material .These electrons are now energised and break away from their normal positions in the atoms to form an electrical field which provides the voltage force needed to drive the electrical current through an external load eg. a light bulb.
Simple PV systems provide power to your calculators and wrist watches.One your PV cells connected form what is called - PV modules .They come in all shapes and sizes and give electrical power to your household and workplace lights ,appliances,machines,water pumps, satellites ,and road signs .PV cells provide the cheapest form of electricity for these tasks.
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Above is a Boaxin solar module 10W
Normal open circuit voltage 21.3 v Normal short circuit current 0.66A
Normal max output circuit 17,2v
Normal max output current 0.58A
When the sun is not shining there is another type of renewable energy resource and that is wind.Wind can be used to generate electricity ,store energy by charging batteries ,pumping water to and from your water storage tanks or used in combination with your PV cells to generate electricity in a combined system .
Why do we need to store energy?
We need to store and save energy when there is plenty of sunshine and wind etc. for when there is little eg. Some boat owners use generators to make their own electricity ,these generators are powered by the wind to make electricity .Rechargeable batteries are connected to the batteries ,so when wind blows ,electricity is stored and used on calm days.
Other ways to save money on your electricity bills:Firstly you could install low energy fluorescent light bulbs.They make more light and use less energy than normal incandescent light bulbs.They are easily available and you can buy them at any supermarket worldwide .
Another way is to use LED battery powered emergency standby lights,in case of a power failure,storm,or just to light your home or garden.Once charged by a solar cell or battery they can run for 100 hrs without using any electricity .Mine are Fischer automatic emergency lights ,Model FS5001.
These lights generate and store energy during the day via the sun or battery ,to light your home and garden at night.They use renewable energy,are cheap and efficient,see above:
Water Conservation
Why do we need to save water?Water is essential for us humans ,animals and plants to survive -without it we would die.Water is life and needed to sustain all living things on planet earth.The world's fresh water supply comes from ice sheets ,ice caps,glaciers,icebergs,lakes,ponds,rivers,streams,and underground water.Due to global warming and the ice caps melting our water supply has been enormously reduced. We are now facing a world water crises.Us humans ,all mammals,and all plants need fresh water,not salt water to survive. There is only 2.75% of fresh water on the earth's surface -the rest is saltwater found in our oceans.This fresh water includes 1.75% in frozen ice caps and snow,0.7% in fresh groundwater,and 0.1% in lakes,swamps,and rivers.
Fresh water is a natural resource that is constantly being renewed through the process of evaporation ,condensation,and precipitation .Meaning ,the sun's ray's heat the water in the lakes ,rivers and streams to form clouds out of millions of water droplets which return to the earth's surface in the form of rain.This rain water replenishes our lakes,rivers and earth's natural water supply.Some of this water travels through the soil to our natural water tanks under the earth's surface -called ground water.This cycle of events is called the earth's water cycle.
There are a couple of aspects causing our planet's water supply to be threatened .There is an increase in the world population due to man's increased life expectancy due to the advances in modern medicine-therefore more water is used per ca pita.Climate change and global warming are melting the ice caps and glaciers ,therefore mixing fresh water with salt water as the water from glaciers run into the sea.The melting glaciers are causing the sea levels to rise which in turn is causing the lakes and rivers along the coastal regions to be contaminated with salt ,thus reducing our fresh water supply and affecting our planet.The effects of our growing water shortage is tremendous and is only getting worse .What does it mean for the future of our children ?It is detrimental to the human population-everything from sanitation ,to people's overall health and production of food.Water is expensive ,so if we save water ,we are also saving money ,saving money on food,and saving money for kids -and their future.This is why people need to learn how to save water because every drop counts.
The lack of water also causes the price of food to rise as it becomes more expensive to irrigate crops.Pollution from oil spills and nuclear waste are contaminating our rivers and streams,destroying our our planet's natural water ecosystems and reducing the earth's fresh water supply.
Deforestation and the use of fertilisers ,herbicides,and pesticides are causing our top soils to be washed into our rivers ,contaminating our fresh water ,and groundwater. The cost of water has increased because of the problem of infrastructure,supply and demand.The demand for water has increased and the infrastructures for many countries were and are not prepared for the planet's overpopulation and climate change.The expense of building pipelines,canals,via-ducts and dams to supply the growing global population with fresh water has increased,not to mention the cost of the purification process to provide fresh water-when the planets' natural fresh water supply is threatened. The result being very expensive water bills and the need to conserve or save water.You don't have to be a rocket scientist to play your part and conserve water.If people could be aware and save water in our everyday lives,we could save money,save our planet and save our childrens' future.
Ways to save water , save money ,save our planet.
1. How to save water at home :
There are some basic ways to save water consumption in our homes.
1.Turn off tap while washing hands ,brushing your teeth ect .
2.Take shorter showers
3.Put a bucket under shower while waiting for it to heat up.
4.Don't flush every time ,if its only a number 1 (if it's yellow its mellow)
5. Don't fill your dishwasher and washing machine to full capacity-set them to half load.
6.If you live by the sea, saltwater can be used to flush the toilet,or can use water from a tank.
7.Use a garden hose nozzle on your hosepipe to stop water running by shutting it off when not in use.
8.Use faucet aerators ,to reduce splashing when washing hands , etc They reduce water intensity and reduce amount of water used every time you switch the tap on.
9.Install low flow plumbing fixtures ,such as shower heads,,low flow toilet fixtures,low flow taps.
10.Fix leaking faucets in and around your house,this will save you litres of water per day.
11.Use swimming pool covers to reduce water loss through evaporation.
2. How to save water in our gardens:
1.Wash pets outside ,the soapy water will water your plants.
2.Have a pipe attached to washing machine to water your plants with the soapy water.
3.Choose plants to grow that have big surface leaves which naturally catch water rain water ,which then seeps into the soil ,replenishing our groundwater supply.
4.Wash your car at a car wash because they recycle the water.
5.Rather water your plants in the morning and late afternoon , to reduce water loss through evaporation,than by watering them at the hottest time of day which is 9:00-12:00 .
Facts on saving water Why do we need to save water ?1. It ensures sustainability of life on the planet so we can provide a future for our children. 2. It saves energy ,water pumping ,delivery ,and waste water facilities consume large amounts of electricity .Huge amounts of electricity is used in water management. 3.Minimising Human water consumption by collecting and harvesting fresh rain water by individual households helps save our wildlife by preserving dams and lakes for them.
4.By water harvesting we lower the costs of building new dams ,and water diversion infrastructures.
Water Harvesting- Water Saving 
A water catchment system ,or water saving system- gives you independence and control of your water usage because you don't have to rely on municipality water ,you have your own water supply system.It requires less energy than a normal household water system ,whereby the water municipality uses electricity to pump the water from a lake ,dam,or stream. You will need at least a 10 000 Lt water saving rainwater storage tank ,for a average family of 4 or 5 .You can save water and it's demand in other areas as well. 1.Taking shorter showers saves water. 2. Installing water saving -efficient /low flow faucets ,water saving shower heads,water saving appliances and water saving toilets. They don't just save water ,they save energy too .The front loader washing machine saves water demand in half. Or you could have 3 or 4 washing machines and use the water twice by pumping from one machine to another.If you are technically gifted you don't have to buy new ones ,you can buy thrown away ones from the the scrap metal dealer for R50-00 each and fix them at low cost
I have a 10-000 Lt water saving storage tank and have another four 5000 Lt water saving storage tanks on my property .I use that water to flush the toilets ,supply water to my washing machines ,a high pressure cleaner,and use the water for general washing , gardening and irrigation needs.
The gutter system was changed when I bought this house to accommodate the Durban downpour.The water drains off the roof into the gutters ,which travels to the 10 000 Lt water saving tank.In the same way the water travels downhill to the smaller 5000 Lt tanks.You can use a small DC driven pump to move the water from tank to tank or to wherever required .The water needs these pumps to move from the smaller water saving tanks uphill when the water in the biggest water saving tank is empty.You can use a generator or a small energy saving wind turbine to produce free energy for this pump.The property is on a slope so the water moves naturally downwards from the gutters on my roof to the smaller tanks via a gutter system.The gutters were modified to feed water from the roof of the house (situated at the top of the hill) to the smaller tanks which in turn feed water to my crops on the banks of the slope.
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Above :my 5000 LT tank
Rainwater is collected and travels through a conveyor belt system of gutters and pipes .The gutter I use is made of PVC piping but can also be made from galvanised iron metal. The land is natural and unpaved,to allow for maximum flow into my runoff drainpipes to be used in other areas or diverted to other buildings like my sheds,or to irrigate crops ,growing on the slopes.
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Above is a diagram of my water harvesting system
My 10 000 LT tanks are made of plastic therefore it is lightweight ,and easy to transport and install.Other tanks you an purchase are made from concrete ,wood ,steel,and fibreglass . My 5000LT tank is made from fibre cement .Plastic tanks are the most available choice and can be bought from septic tank suppliers and manufacturers.I do not use this water for drinking .
See Campbell ,Stu.The Home Water Supply :How to find ,Filter,Store ,and Conserve It .Pownal,1983.
Below: my 10 000 LT tanks:
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Wind EnergyAnother renewable energy resource is wind energy.Its clean ,reliable ,and one of the most efficient resources to fossil fuels,in generating electricity .This alternative source of energy has been around for centuries .
Windmills have used the power of the wind ,to grind corn and wheat ,and to run machinery such as pumps ,in a world with no electricity.Ships used to rely on wind power thousands of years ago ,before the invention of the steam engine ,to fill their sails and push them along.The energy that turns the blades of a windmill and fills the sails of a ship comes from wind .The amount of energy produced depends on how hard the wind blows.
Since the early 1900's ,electricity has been produced by a wind generator .Which is simply a windmill that converts kinetic energy of the wind into electricity. You usually find these wind generators in flat,wide open spaces to take advantage of the most wind,unobstructed by mountains ,dense forests or buildings.
Old fashioned ones that look like an old windmill ,work just as well as the modern day ones ,that have two blades that look like an aircraft propeller.
Mainly they stand on a tall tower ,the higher the tower ,the stronger the wind .On top of the tower is a cap or swivel ,onto which the blades are mounted .The swivel allows the blades of the windmill to change direction when the wind changes direction ,so that they are always facing the wind for maximum power . Hundreds of wind generators arranged in rows ,connected by wires ,are called wind farms ,like the one in the Mojave Dessert in California ,USA .They supply a huge power station with electricity.Smaller ones are found off the coast of Scotland,one of which can generate enough electricity for 1000 homes.
Click here for Wind turbines Power kits and components
Biomass
Another type of energy source is called biomass .Biomass is energy that comes from plants and animals .Coal and oil are types of biomass,from plants and animals that died millions of years ago but these sources of energy are running out .Dried seaweed is also an example of biomass .Dried animal dung is used in India ,for cooking,once dried in the sun and then burned instead of firewood .It is a renewable resource .If trees are cut down for fuel ,sometimes ,and what is happening today is that they are not being replaced by planting new ones.A good example of fast growing trees are eucalyptus,or acacia plants.There is a growing shortage of fuel eg. petrol for our cars .Coal and oil supplies are running low ,raising the cost of these fuel sources.Energy can be obtained from biomass eg by making cheap ,renewable fuel for cars eg. by using sugar cane .In Brazil ,one third of all cars run on fuel from sugar cane as a substitute for petrol.
Biogas
Bio gas is a cheap source of fuel ,is renewable and sustainable .In a village or a farm ,for example,people could use their rubbish and sewerage to produce their own bio gas.People would collect their livestock' manure eg (from sheep,pigs,cows,horses,people) and put them in a tank,some of the waste turns to liquid ,the liquid then turns to methane gas ,the methane gas travels through a duct and is captured in another tank ,next to it.The tank containing the methane gas has an expandable lid and an outlet pipe,which goes to it's various uses.The gas is used by people in homes,for cooking ,heating ,lighting or as a fuel to power an engine or electric generator.
Sunlight ,wind ,and water can be tapped into; to produce electricity for lighting ,lamps ,running appliances and equipment.They are also used to cook food and heat water .People generally use natural gas , and propane but these are nonrenewable ,their supplies are limited and they are expensive .Thankfully there is a bio gas which is renewable and cheap .Bio gas is a cheap source of energy used by many farmers in China to fuel their tractors by methane,a mixture of bio gas and carbon dioxide.All dead animals and plants rot.In swampy areas ,for example ,dead plants fall into the water,they then rot and give off a gas called bio gas.Bio gas also comes from rubbish ,sewerage and manure in the same way .When things rot ,the bio gas mixes with carbon dioxide and methane is formed .Methane is flammable in large amounts but once collected and stored safely ,it can provide an important source of energy.
Small scale bio gas facilities are easy an inexpensive to build ,operate ,and maintain,they also give off an effluent ,which is rich in nutrients that in in turn can be used as a fertiliser for crops and producing food.Bio gas is a wonderful renewable resource ,helping to build a sustainable environment for us to live in in -now and for our children in the future.
Geothermal Energy
At the centre of the earth ,it is very hot ,with degrees reaching up to six thousand degrees Celsius .It is hot enough at the centre of the earth to melt rock.The heat from the centre of the earth ,spreads and melts the surrounding rocks ,and the water between the rocks .In some places the heat is found close to earth's surface .By pumping it out the ground as hot water or steam ,it is used as a new source of energy ,called geothermal energy.
The Geo originated from the Greek word Ge meaning the earth.
Thermal -as adj-caused by heat or temperature:thermal capacity.
The steam comes out the ground at high pressure and is used to turn huge turbines to generate electricity .The hot water is pumped up a pipe that engineers have drilled into the earth ,when it gets to the surface it is turned into steam.If there is no water where the power stations are ,or it runs out ,then there is another pipe that travels from the power station into the ground ,carrying cold water.The cold water is heated by the hot rocks and then travels back up again through the hot water pipe to be released as steam ,to generate electricity .Many countries use geothermal power stations to generate electricity ,including USA,Italy,and New Zea land and places where there is volcanic activity.
Geothermal energy is clean and reliable ,to the surrounding environment.It is sustainable ,renewable because the steam condenses back into the water at the power station and can be re injected into the earth.
Geothermal energy is heat energy stored beneath the earth's surface ,which turns into steam when it comes into contact with water .The steam is now kinetic energy which drives huge turbines that powers a generator.
Hydro electric power Hydro power has been used for thousands of years to power watermills ,that grind grain to produce flour.
The Greek word hydro meaning water and hydroelectric meaning ,the distribution of electricity derived from the energy of falling water or any other hydraulic force. Hydro power generates electricity by converting the gravitational force of falling water ,into electrical energy.Gravity is the fundamental force of attraction that all objects with mass have for each other .Like the electromagnetic force ,gravity ,has effectively infinite range and obeys the infinite square law .Sir Isaac Newton described gravity as an instantaneous gravitational effect that any two objects ,no matter how small exert on each other. Hydro power is a renewable energy resource. A power station can produce electricity from water .It turns the potential energy from water into kinetic energy and then converts that energy into electrical energy,using a generator.This kind of power station is called a hydro electric power station . Hydro electric power stations are usually placed in mountainous areas where there is plenty of rainfall.A large dam is built across a river holding back a huge expanse of water .Pipes carry water downhill to a water turbine ,which is like a large wheel ,that turns ,creating kinetic energy which is connected to a generator .There are two kinds of turbines ,firstly there is an impulse turbine ,whereby water flows onto blades or paddles of a paddle-wheel and forces it to turn.The second type of turbine is a reaction turbine ,whereby water flows out jets fixed to a wheel .As the water squirts out ,the wheel turns. The water held by the by the dam has high potential energy.When the water rushes down to drive the turbines ,the potential energy becomes kinetic energy ,which then turns into electrical energy by powering a generator. The generator acts as an energy converter ,converting the kinetic energy of the moving water into electrical energy. What is potential energy? The energy stored in the dam .The stored energy in the dam is called potential energy,like being ready to run a race ,when the race starts the running movement is called kinetic (moving) energy.The potential energy of a ball placed high up on a shelf has more potential energy ,than if it was placed on the floor .When rolled off the shelf the kinetic energy and force of gravity is greater than if it was just rolled along the floor,hence the need for hydro electric plants to be built in high ,mountainous areas ,which has a lot of rainfall.
How to make Energy from waves and tides
Waves have enormous power and force by nature.When big enough ,they can damage seawalls ,cliffs or anything in their path .This energy can be used to make electricity .One idea is to create kinetic energy by using rafts out at sea.When a wave passes by ,a line of rafts bob up and down .This kinetic energy is used to pump water through a turbine that turns a generator .It is called the salter duck,named after the British inventor Stephen Salter.Stephen Hugh Salter ,born on 7th Dec 1938 ,built the salter duck in 1974 .The modern scientific pursuit of wave energy began in the 1970's because of the oil crisis.The salter duck is also called the "nodding duck" or the "Edinburgh Duck",famous for being able to stop 90% of wave motion and can convert that into electricity.It is a renewable energy resource for creating electricity.
Tidal power
Tides rise and fall everyday,creating energy which is converted into hydro-electric power.When the tide comes in ,the water is stored behind a dam wall when the tide goes out ,the water flows from the dam through a turbine,which turns, and powers a generator ,which produces electricity .These are called tidal power stations .They are found in northern France,in the bay Fundy,Canada,and at Murmansk Russia.
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